Understanding Dog Training

Quck answer

Dog training is a process of teaching a dog to behave in a certain way through positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, or punishment. Positive reinforcement involves rewarding good behavior, while negative reinforcement involves removing a negative stimulus when the dog behaves correctly. Punishment is the introduction of an unpleasant consequence when a dog behaves incorrectly. Training can vary from basic obedience to specialized tasks, such as therapy or service dog training. Consistency, patience, and clear communication are essential for effective training. Training should also take into account the dog’s breed, age, and temperament. Successful training can result in a well-behaved and happy dog, as well as a stronger bond between the dog and owner.

Pets

Basic commands such as “sit” and “stay” are typically among the first things dogs learn.
Photo courtesy Hannah Harris

For centuries, dogs have played important roles in assisting humans with various tasks. However, in modern times, they are more commonly treated as family members. According to the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association, pet owners in the United States spent an estimated 39.5 billion dollars on their pets in 2005, which is more than double the amount spent in 1994.

While this is a great time for dogs who are lucky enough to be part of a family, it also means that they are expected to exhibit certain behaviors. Despite the abundance of clothing and accessories available for dogs, they are not miniature people with fur. They have their own way of thinking and behaving. Each year, thousands of dogs are surrendered to animal shelters or confined to backyards for exhibiting natural dog behavior.

Dogs and humans can coexist happily, but this requires effort from the owners to bridge the gap between the two species and train dogs to behave appropriately. There are various ways to train dogs, and many trainers believe that their method is the only correct one. However, the reality is that multiple methods can be effective. The main differences between them are how quickly they work and how enjoyable they are for both the dog and the trainer.

In this article, we will discuss the history and principles behind most dog training methods and focus on one of the most popular methods: Clicker training.

Theories of Learning

Pavlov’s famous experiment

Dog training typically revolves around operant conditioning. The concept was first defined by B.F. Skinner, who studied the work of Russian physiologist Dr. Ivan Pavlov on animal behavior. Pavlov’s groundbreaking study involved dogs learning that a bell ringing meant that they would be fed. By pairing two things that are naturally connected – salivating and being fed – Pavlov added a third stimulus by ringing a bell before feeding. After several trials, the dogs learned to associate the sound of the bell with being fed and would start salivating at the sound of the bell, even without any food present.

Since dogs naturally salivate when offered food, food is an unconditioned stimulus, and salivating is an unconditioned response. In contrast, a ringing bell does not typically cause dogs to salivate, but they will do so if they have been conditioned to associate the sound of a bell with being fed. Therefore, the bell is a conditioned stimulus, and the dog’s response to it is a conditioned response.

We can see this phenomenon in our own dogs when they start barking at the sound of a doorbell, even if it’s on television. In this case, the dog has been conditioned to associate the sound of a bell with the arrival of a stranger.

Classical conditioning is when we associate a pair of events and respond to the first in anticipation of the second. This learning is passive and involuntary. Pavlov’s work dealt with a reflexive reaction to a conditioned stimulus, while Skinner aimed to create a specific behavioral reaction to a stimulus by adding a reinforcer. A reinforcer can be either a reward or a punisher, and it’s important to remember that what is rewarding for one person may not be meaningful for another. Skinner showed how animals could learn to perform certain behaviors for a reward using operant conditioning. This type of learning is active and voluntary and depends on the actions of the learner. Reinforcers can involve either the addition or removal of an element, and both rewards and punishers can be either positive or negative.

Positive and negative rewards are both effective ways to train animals. Giving a parrot a piece of fruit for waving its foot is an example of a positive reward, while a horse moving faster to stop the pressure of spurs is an example of a negative reward. Although it may seem like a contradiction, a negative reward is the removal of something unpleasant and can be just as effective as a positive reward.

Positive punishers, such as shock collars, prong collars, and choke chains, are sometimes used to train dogs to sit. However, many trainers prefer to use positive rewards like verbal praise, a pat on the head, a favorite toy, or a treat. Reinforcers can be anything that the dog finds meaningful, with treats and toys being popular choices. Some trainers use negative rewards like electronic collars, but this is controversial.

Markers, or cues, have been developed by trainers like Keller and Marian Breland to train animals other than dogs. They developed a training program for marine mammals, such as dolphins and orcas, where it is difficult to use punishers and rewarding them promptly can be challenging.

When training dogs, similar problems can arise. If a dog performs multiple actions before receiving a treat, it may not know which behavior pleased the handler. The dog may associate the reward with the last behavior it performed, rather than the desired behavior. Punishment can also be ineffective if the dog associates it with the wrong behavior. To overcome this, Breland developed a marker signal that indicated the correct behavior had been performed and a reward would follow. By pairing the signal with a reward and using positive reinforcement, the desired behavior could be shaped. Pryor used a metal clicker as her marker and her approach was adopted by other trainers, causing clicker training to spread rapidly. The clicker serves as a snapshot of the desired behavior and indicates that a reward is imminent. It is important to follow the click with a reward to reinforce the behavior.

Alternative Markers

A marker can be any signal that indicates the desired behavior. Whistle peeps are often used by dolphin trainers, while flicking a flashlight on and off can be used to train fish. Vibrating collars are effective in marking behavior for deaf dogs, and some people even use a specific word, like “yes!”, as a marker. It is important to ensure that the marker is short, specific, and consistent. Using the voice as a primary marker can be challenging because tone can be inconsistent, and marker words or sounds may lose meaning in regular conversations.

Clicker Training: Teaching Commands

This dog is being trained to jump through a hoop.
Photos courtesy Hannah Harris

The clicker does not hold any inherent meaning for the dog. Like Pavlov’s bell, the dog must learn to associate the click with the arrival of treats through classical conditioning. To achieve this, trainers “charge” the clicker by repeatedly clicking and then immediately offering a treat. This helps the dog learn to associate the clicker with treats, making it easier to learn new behaviors.

Trainers use different methods to elicit behavior. Some use food to lure the dog into position, while others wait for the dog to offer the behavior. Most clicker trainers do not push the dog into position as it goes against the force-free philosophy of clicker training.

The timing of the click is crucial. The trainer must click at the exact moment the desired behavior is performed. If the dog performs several behaviors before the handler clicks, the wrong behavior may be marked as desired. For example, if the dog lies down and then rolls over before the handler clicks, rolling over may be marked as the desired behavior instead of lying down.

Clicker training can be used to teach dogs complicated behavior patterns by breaking them down into smaller steps. For instance, if the goal is to teach a dog to jump through a hoop, the trainer may start by clicking and treating the dog for walking up to the hoop. Once the dog consistently walks up to the hoop, the trainer would click only when the dog sticks its head through the hoop, then only when it walks through the hoop, and finally only when it jumps through the hoop. This process is called shaping.

Most clicker trainers prefer to introduce a command only when the dog reliably performs the desired behavior. Luring motions can be turned into hand signals, which are often easier for dogs to learn than verbal commands. Once the dog is offering the desired behavior consistently, the trainer can begin using the command, so the dog learns to associate the behavior with the command. Eventually, the handler will only click the behavior if it was requested with a command, not when it’s offered spontaneously.

This adorable dog has been taught how to respond to a hand signal for a “high five.”
Photo credit goes to Hannah Harris.

It’s important to bear in mind that animals learn based on their surroundings and circumstances. This means that while a dog may understand a command in one setting, they may struggle with the same command in another setting. For example, a dog may be able to sit perfectly when their handler is standing up, but may become confused when their handler gives the command while sitting down. When training a dog to learn a new command, handlers need to introduce different contexts that may be necessary to help the dog generalize the skill.

Next, we’ll explore how clicker training can be used to teach your dog to stop certain behaviors.

Interview with Dan O’Leary, a clicker trainer who works at PetSmart in Lexington, KY.

When and how did you start training dogs?

Although I’ve had dogs since I was a child, I never really trained one until 1979, when I got my first German Shepherd. I figured since German Shepherds were often used as police dogs and in movies, such as Rin Tin Tin and Bullet (Roy Rogers’ dog), they should be trained. So, I signed up for a training class.

Have you ever trained other types of animals?

Not until recently. I’m currently training our 6-month-old kitten using the basic principles of clicker training to teach her how to fetch and give a high-five.

Did you always use clicker training?

No, when I first started training dogs, clicker training wasn’t a thing. I began with “traditional” training, which included using choke chains, prong collars, and leash corrections.

What would you say is the biggest benefit of clicker training?

…for people?

Many people prefer not to use leash corrections and choke chains. Clicker training offers an alternative. Additionally, since clicker training doesn’t involve physical force, a child or elderly person can still train a large, strong dog.

…for dogs?

Dogs that are trained using traditional methods are essentially punished, typically with a leash correction, every time they make a mistake. This can cause them to “shut down” when they’re unsure of what to do. Since making a mistake brings punishment, the dog may become hesitant to do anything. On the other hand, clicker-trained dogs are more engaged in the training process. They experiment, trying different things with the hope of finding the behavior that elicits a reward.

Are there any disadvantages?

I don’t believe there are any disadvantages for the dog. For people, it may be difficult to comprehend that a dog can be trained primarily using rewards instead of primarily using punishment.

What’s the most challenging aspect for people to master?

Timing and consistency are typically the most challenging aspects for people to master.

What usually prompts people to attend your classes?

Usually, people enroll in a class because they want to address a behavioral problem their dog is exhibiting. Common issues include housebreaking, destructive behavior, nipping, and jumping. Occasionally, people may have more serious problems, such as separation anxiety, aggression, or fear-related issues. Some of these problems can be resolved in a class setting, while others may require private lessons.

Are certain breeds or temperaments of dogs more suited to this type of training than others?

All types of dogs can be trained, but the ease or difficulty of training depends on the dog’s breed and purpose. Dogs that frequently perform a certain behavior, such as sitting, will learn faster than those that don’t. Successful training involves clear communication with the dog and understanding what motivates them individually. Clicker training is an effective and enjoyable method for both dogs and owners, and even children can participate. This method is based on positive reinforcement and strengthens communication and bonding between the dog and the family. Training is essential for preventing behavior problems that can lead to euthanasia. When trying to eliminate undesirable behavior, it’s important to identify the reward the dog is getting from it and to avoid accidentally rewarding them. Clicker training is a useful tool for communicating desired behavior, but it should not be used indefinitely. Over time, less desirable rewards can be used until the behavior is learned completely. Operant conditioning is a powerful tool in shaping animal behavior, and a focus on positive reinforcement helps deepen the bond between the trainer and learner. Troubleshooting training problems involves identifying meaningful reinforcers and breaking down the desired behavior into manageable steps. Further information on operant conditioning and clicker training classes can be found through helpful links.

Comparing Rewards and Punishments

When it comes to using rewards and punishments as reinforcers, both can be effective, but rewards are generally easier to implement. Punishments have to be immediate, intense, unavoidable, and consistent to be effective, which is quite challenging in real-life scenarios [ref]. Mistiming, excessive or inadequate force can ruin a punishment’s effectiveness. Additionally, unpleasant consequences are often associated with the handler instead of the misbehavior.

Learn More

Related Articles

• How Search-and-Rescue Dogs Work
• How Police Dogs Work
• How Guide Dogs Work
• How Underground Pet Fences Work

Additional Resources

• Clicker Training
• Operant Conditioning
• Association of Pet Dog Trainers
• Sacramento SSPCA: Dog Behavior and Training Resources
• PetSmart Pet Training

Sources

• B.F. Skinner Foundation http://www.bfskinner.org/Operant.asp
• Booth-Butterfield, Steve. “Steve’s Primer of Practical Persuasion and Influence.” Dept of Communications Studies, West Virginia University, August 2005. http://www.as.wvu.edu/~sbb/comm221/primer.htm
• Clicker Solutions http://www.clickersolutions.com
• Clothier, S. “Bones Would Rain From the Sky: Deepening Our Relationship with Dogs.” Warner Books, 2002. ISBN 0446525936.
• Gary Wilkes’ Click & Treat http://www.clickandtreat.com
• Glassman, William. “The Behaviorist Approach.” Dept of Psychology, Ryerson University. http://www.ryerson.ca/~glassman/behavior.html
• Karen Pryor Clicker Training http://www.clickertraining.com/home
• Kilcommons, B. and S. Wilson. “Paws to Consider: Choosing the right dog for you and your family.” New York: Warner Books Inc., 1999. ISBN 0446521515
• Learning Theories http://www.emtech.net/learning_theories.htm
• Martin, G.L. and J. Pear. “Behavior Modification: What it is and how to do it.” 7th edition. New York: Prentice Hall, 2002. ISBN 0130995843
• Miller, P. “The Power of Positive Dog Training.” Howell Book House, 2001. ISBN 0764536095
• Pryor, K. “Don’t Shoot the Dog! The New Art of Teaching and Training.” New York: Bantam Books, 1984. ISBN 0553380397
• Sanders, C.R. “Understanding Dogs: Living and Working with Canine Companions.” Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999. 1566396905
• Braslau-Schneck, Stacy. “An Animal Trainer’s Introduction To Operant and Classical Conditioning.” November 12, 2003. http://www.wagntrain.com/OC/

FAQ

1. What is dog training?

Dog training is the process of teaching dogs specific behaviors and commands using various techniques and methods. The goal of dog training is to develop a well-behaved and obedient dog that can live harmoniously with its human family and society.

2. When should I start training my dog?

It is recommended to start training your dog as early as possible, ideally when they are puppies. Puppies have a shorter attention span, so training sessions should be brief and consistent. However, even adult dogs can benefit from training, and it is never too late to start.

3. What are some common dog training methods?

There are several dog training methods, including positive reinforcement, clicker training, leash and collar training, and aversive training. Positive reinforcement is the most widely used and effective method, which involves rewarding good behavior with treats, praise, or toys. Aversive training, which involves punishing bad behavior, is not recommended as it can lead to fear, anxiety, and aggression in dogs.

4. How long does it take to train a dog?

The amount of time it takes to train a dog depends on various factors, such as the breed, age, and temperament of the dog, as well as the consistency and dedication of the owner. Basic obedience training can take anywhere from a few weeks to several months, while advanced training can take up to a year or more.

5. Can I train my dog myself?

Yes, you can train your dog yourself, but it is recommended to seek the advice of a professional dog trainer, especially if you are new to dog training. A professional trainer can provide guidance and support, as well as help you address any behavioral issues that your dog may have.

6. What are some common dog training mistakes to avoid?

Some common dog training mistakes to avoid include inconsistent training, using punishment instead of positive reinforcement, expecting too much too soon, and not being patient and consistent. It is important to remember that dog training is a gradual process that requires time, effort, and patience.

7. What are some essential commands to teach my dog?

Some essential commands to teach your dog include sit, stay, come, heel, and leave it. These commands can help keep your dog safe and well-behaved, and they can also make your daily life easier and more enjoyable.

8. How can I continue training my dog after the initial training is complete?

Training your dog is an ongoing process, and it is important to continue reinforcing good behavior and practicing commands regularly. You can also teach your dog new tricks and behaviors, such as agility training or fetch. Consistency, patience, and positive reinforcement are key to maintaining a well-trained and obedient dog.